Sport
Golf InjuriesBack Pain, Golfer's Elbow & Shoulder
Low back pain, golfer's elbow, shoulder pain, and wrist tendinopathy from the golf swing. Thoracic mobility is central to most golf injury management.
Book Your First VisitThe golf swing loads the lumbar spine in extension, lateral flexion, and rotation simultaneously. When thoracic rotation is restricted, the lumbar spine compensates with excessive movement under load. Addressing thoracic mobility often reduces injury and improves swing mechanics at the same time. The same restrictions that cause injury also limit swing performance.
Why the golf swing places unique demands on the spine
The golf swing is a high-speed rotational movement that loads the lumbar spine in extension, lateral flexion, and rotation simultaneously. The thoracic spine needs to rotate freely to allow the swing to pass through it. When thoracic mobility is restricted, the lumbar spine compensates with excessive rotation under load, a recognized pathway to injury. This is why improving thoracic mobility often reduces golf-related back pain, and why it's a core part of almost every golf injury assessment.
Restricted hip internal rotation in the trail hip limits backswing rotation and forces the lumbar spine to compensate. Restricted thoracic extension may limit the efficient transfer of force through the swing. These can often be improved through specific joint mobilization and exercise, and improvement may be reflected in both injury reduction and swing mechanics.
Common presentations
- Low back pain: the most common golf injury, driven by lumbar overload when thoracic rotation is restricted, hip mobility is limited, or the swing has developed compensatory patterns. Pain that reliably shows up during or after a round and resolves over a few days is a classic pattern. Often responds well to addressing thoracic mobility and hip rotation.
- Golfer's elbow (medial epicondylitis): tendinopathy at the medial epicondyle from repetitive grip and impact loading. Either arm can be affected through different phases of the swing. Responds to progressive tendon loading (eccentric and isometric wrist flexion exercises) and activity modification. Equipment changes (lighter club, thicker grip) can reduce load during recovery.
- Shoulder pain: rotator cuff loading in the lead shoulder on follow-through or trail shoulder on backswing. Often related to restricted thoracic extension and glenohumeral rotation. Overhead shoulder discomfort on the full swing follow-through is a common pattern.
- Wrist tendinopathy: affecting both wrists, with the lead wrist more commonly involved. Extensor-side pathology, particularly ECU (extensor carpi ulnaris) tendinosis, is well-documented in elite golfers, primarily from the impact and follow-through phases. Flexor-side involvement is also common, particularly in players with an early-release swing pattern (casting action). Muscular imbalance between forearm flexors and extensors is a common contributing factor. Treatment includes progressive loading of the affected tendon group, forearm strengthening to address the imbalance, and technique assessment for swing patterns that concentrate load on the wrist.
What helps
An assessment for golf injuries needs to cover the spine, shoulder girdle, and hips, not just the site of pain. Thoracic joint mobilization to restore rotation and extension is usually a central component, alongside hip mobility work targeting trail hip internal rotation. Specific exercises are given to maintain those improvements between sessions.
Acute lumbar pain from a specific incident typically warrants 1–3 weeks of reduced golf activity, though recovery varies by presentation. Chronic golf-related back pain that has been building over months can often be managed while continuing to play at reduced frequency during treatment. For back pain that has recurred after prior treatment or not improved as expected, thoracic joint mobility is often the component that was not specifically assessed. Elbow and shoulder tendinopathies are similar, modification rather than complete cessation is usually possible.
On injury and swing mechanics
The same restrictions that cause injury (limited thoracic rotation, restricted trail hip internal rotation, tight hip flexors) are also the ones that limit swing mechanics. This is why golfers sometimes notice their backswing improves and their swing feels more efficient after treatment that was primarily aimed at injury management. The injury and performance problems share the same physical substrate.
Golf back pain with a clear mechanical pattern often responds well to conservative management, and the same mobility work that reduces pain often improves swing mechanics as a side effect. If you'd like to talk through your situation before booking, get in touch.
When to seek care promptly
See a doctor if you have:
- Acute severe back pain after a golf swing, particularly with leg symptoms (possible disc injury)
- Wrist pain after a divot impact with significant swelling or bruising
- Shoulder pain with significant weakness or inability to lift the arm
- Back pain that is worsening rather than stable between rounds
- New leg weakness, numbness, or bladder and bowel changes
- Back, arm, or shoulder symptoms accompanied by chest tightness, shortness of breath, or left arm pain during or after play. Seek emergency care immediately.
Most golf injuries are appropriate for conservative management. An assessment will tell you honestly whether what you have warrants imaging or specialist review.
Related reading
Common questions
Yes, and the specificity is actually useful diagnostic information. Pain that is reliably triggered by one activity suggests a particular loading pattern rather than general degeneration. For golf, that usually means the swing is concentrating load in a specific segment, and there's a mechanical reason for it. Addressing the thoracic mobility, hip rotation, and lumbar mechanics that drive golf back pain can help reduce it and may also support more efficient swing mechanics by restoring the range of motion that was restricted.
That depends on the presentation. For chronic back pain that has been building over months, the usual approach is modification rather than stopping. Continuing to play at reduced frequency during treatment is often possible. If you had an acute incident and are in significant pain, 1-3 weeks off the course is typical, though most acute golf-related back pain improves within a few weeks regardless of intervention. Elbow and shoulder tendinopathies follow similar logic: modification rather than complete rest is usually the goal. I'll give you specific load guidance after the first visit.
Often yes. The same restrictions that cause injury (limited thoracic rotation, restricted trail hip internal rotation, tight hip flexors) also limit swing mechanics. Golfers sometimes notice that their backswing improves and their swing feels more efficient after treatment that was primarily aimed at injury management. If you want to work with your swing coach on technique after treatment, I'm happy to communicate about your physical capacity and any remaining restrictions.
Progressive tendon loading, specifically eccentric and isometric wrist flexion exercises, is the recommended first-line approach. Cortisone injections may reduce short-term pain, but for lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), physiotherapy outperforms injection from six weeks onward, and corticosteroid injection was associated with worse outcomes at one year in systematic review data. Direct high-quality trial data for medial epicondylitis (golfer's elbow) is more limited, but the tendinopathy principles are similar. Glucocorticoid has significant negative effects on tendon cell viability and collagen synthesis, which helps explain why it does not address the underlying issue for chronic presentations. Equipment changes (lighter club, thicker grip) can also reduce medial elbow load during the return-to-play phase.
It depends on what's driving the problem. If it's a mechanical swing issue without injury, a qualified teaching pro with experience in biomechanics is the right starting point. If there's pain or injury, both chiropractic and physiotherapy address the musculoskeletal component, and there is genuine overlap between the two. Where they tend to differ: a chiropractic assessment places specific emphasis on joint mobility at each spinal segment, including thoracic rotation, and hands-on joint mobilization is a central part of treatment. If previous physiotherapy focused primarily on exercise and soft tissue work without thoracic joint assessment, that is a genuine clinical distinction and worth finding out whether that specific piece was covered. Once pain is under control and mobility has improved, a swing coach can work with the better physical capacity you have. I'm happy to communicate with your coach about physical capacity and any remaining restrictions during recovery.
References
- Watson M, Coughlan D, Clement ND, Murray IR, Murray AD, Miller SC. Biomechanical parameters of the golf swing associated with lower back pain: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2023;41(24):2236-2250. doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2319443
- Lindsay DM, Vandervoort AA. Golf-related low back pain: a review of causative factors and prevention strategies. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014;5(4):e24289. PMC4335481
- Edwards N, Dickin C, Wang H. Low back pain and golf: A review of biomechanical risk factors. Sports Medicine and Health Science. 2020;2(1):10-18. PMC9219256
- Coombes BK, et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections and other injections for management of tendinopathy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet. 2010;376(9754):1751–67. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61160-9
- Bisset L, et al. Mobilisation with movement and exercise, corticosteroid injection, or wait and see for tennis elbow: randomised trial. BMJ. 2006;333(7575):939. doi:10.1136/bmj.38961.584653.AE
- Dean BJF, et al. The risks and benefits of glucocorticoid treatment for tendinopathy: a systematic review. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2014;43(4):570–576. doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.08.006
- Pengel LHM, et al. Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis. BMJ. 2003;327(7410):323. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7410.323
- Hawkes R, et al. The prevalence, variety and impact of wrist problems in elite professional golfers on the European Tour. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013;47(17):1075–79. PMC3812892
- Creighton A, Cheng J, Press J. Upper body injuries in golfers. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2022;15(6):483-499. PMC9789227
Disclaimer
This page is for general information only and does not constitute medical advice. Every person's situation is different. Nothing here should be used as a substitute for assessment and advice from a qualified health professional who can evaluate your specific circumstances.
If you are experiencing severe or rapidly worsening symptoms, loss of bladder or bowel control, progressive weakness, or any symptom that concerns you, seek medical care promptly rather than reading websites.
This page was written with AI assistance and reviewed by Erik Anderson for accuracy. If you find an error, please contact us and we will endeavour to correct it.
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